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The nature and properties of soils
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Table of Contents
From the Book - 8th ed.
1. THE SOIL IN PERSPECTIVE
1:1 What is soil?
1:2 Evaluation of modern concepts of soil
1:3 The approach
edaphological versus pedological
1:4 A field view of soil
1:5 The soil profile
1:6 Subsoil and surface soil
1:7 Mineral (inorganic) and organic soils
1:8 General definition of mineral soils
1:9 Four major components of soils
1:10 Mineral (inorganic) constituents in soils
1:11 Soil organic matter
1:12 Soil water
a dynamic solution
1:13 Soil air
also a changeable constituent
1:14 The soil
a tremendous biological laboratory
1:15 Clay and humus
the seat of soil activity
2. SUPPLY AND AVAILABILITY OF PLANT NUTRIENTS IN MINERAL SOILS
2:1 Factors controlling the growth of higher plants
2:2 The essential elements
2:3 Essential elements from air and water
2:4 Essential elements from the soil
2:5 Macronutrient contents of mineral soils
2:6 Forms of macronutrients in soils
2:7 Transfer of plant nutrients to available forms
2:8 Soil solution
2:9 Nutritional importance of soil pH
2:10 Forms of elements used by plants
2:11 Soil and plant interrelations
2:12 Soil fertility inferences
3. SOME IMPORTANT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERAL SOILS
3:1 Classification of soil particles and mechanical analysis
3:2 Physical nature of the soil separates
3:3 Mineralogical and chemical compositions of the soil separates
3:4 Soil textural classes
3:5 Determination of soil class
3:6 Particle density of mineral soils
3:7 Bulk density of mineral soils
3:8 Pore space of mineral soils
3:9 Structure of mineral soils
3:10 Aggregation and its promotion in arable soils
3:11 Structural management of soils
3:12 Soil consistence
3:13 Tilth and tillage
4. SOIL COLLOIDS: THEIR NATURE AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
4:1 General constitution of silicate clays
4:2 Adsorbed cations
4:3 Fundamentals of silicate clay structure
4:4 Mineralogical organization of silicate clays
4:5 Source of the negative charge on silicate clays
4:6 Chemical composition of silicate clays
4:7 Genesis of silicate clays
4:8 Mineral colloids other than silicates
4:9 Geographic distribution of clays
4:10 Organic soil colloids
humus
4:11 Colloids
acid salts
4:12 Cation exchange
4:13 Cation exchange capacity
4:14 Cation exchange capacity of whole soils
4:15 Percentage base saturation of soils
4:16 Cation exchange and the availability of nutrients
4:17 Other properties of colloids
plasticity, cohesion, swelling, shrinkage, dispersion, and flocculation
4:18 Conclusion
5. ORGANISMS OF THE SOILS
5:1 Organisms in action
5:2 Organism numbers, biomass, and metabolic activity
5:3 Earthworms
5:4 Soil microanimals
5:5 Roots of higher plants
5:6 Soil algae
5:7 Soil fungi
5:8 Soil actinomycetes
5:9 Soil bacteria
5:10 Conditions affecting the growth of soil bacteria
5:11 Injurious effects of soil organisms on higher plants
5:12 Competition among soil microorganisms
5:13 Effects of agricultural practice on soil organisms
5:14 Activities of soil organisms beneficial to higher plants
6. ORGANIC MATTER OF MINERAL SOILS
6:1 Sources of soil organic matter
6:2 Composition of plant residues
6:3 Decomposition of organic compounds
6:4 Energy of soil organic matter
6:5 Simple decomposition products
6:6 The carbon cycle
6:7 Simple products carrying nitrogen
6:8 Simple products carrying sulfur
6:9 Mineralization of organic phosphorus
6:10 Humus
genesis and definition
6:11 Humus
nature and characteristics
6:12 Direct influence of organic compounds on higher plants
6:13 Influence of soil organic matter on soil properties
6:14 Carbon-nitrogen ratio
6:15 Significance of the carbon-nitrogen ratio
6:16 Amount of organic matter and nitrogen in soils
6:17 Factors affecting soil organic matter and nitrogen
6:18 Regulation of soil organic matter
7. SOIL WATER: CHARACTERISTICS AND BEHAVIOR
7:1 Structure and related properties of water
7:2 Soil water energy concepts
7:3 Soil moisture content versus suction
7:4 Measuring soil moisture
7:5 Capillary fundamentals as they relate to soil water
7:6 Types of soil water movement
7:7 Saturated flow through soils
7:8 Unsaturated flow in soils
7:9 Water movements in stratified soils
7:10 Water vapor movement
7:11 Retention of soil moisture in the field
7:12 Conventional soil moisture classification schemes
7:13 Factors affecting amount and use of available soil moisture
7:14 How plants are supplied with water
capillarity and root extension
7:15 Conclusion
8. VAPOR LOSSES OF SOIL MOISTURE AND THEIR REGULATION
8:1 Interception of rain water by plants
8:2 The soil-water-plant continuum
8:3 Evapo-transpiration
8:4 Magnitude of evaporation losses
8:5 Efficiency of water use
8:6 Evaporation control: mulches and cultivation
8:7 Vaporization control in humid regions
8:8 Vaporization control in semiarid and subhumid regions
8:9 Evaporation control of irrigated lands
9. LIQUID LOSSES OF SOIL WATER AND THEIR CONTROL
9:1 Percolation and leaching
methods of study
9:2 Percolation losses of water
9:3 Leaching losses of nutrients
9:4 Land drainage
9:5 Open ditch drainage
9:6 Tile drains
9:7 Benefits of land drainage
9:8 Runoff and soil erosion
9:9 Accelerated erosion
mechanics
9:10 Accelerated erosion
causes and rate factors
9:11 Types of water erosion
9:12 Sheet and rill erosion
losses under regular cropping
9:13 Sheet and rill erosion
methods of control
9:14 Gully erosion and its control
9:15 Wind erosion
its importance and control
9:16 Conservation treatment needs in the United States
9:17 Summary of soil moisture regulation
10. SOIL AIR AND SOIL TEMPERATURE
10:1 Soil aeration defined
10:2 Soil aeration problems in the field
10:3 Composition of soil air
10:4 Factors affecting the composition of soil air
10:5 Effects of soil aeration on biological activities
10:6 Other effects of soil aeration
10:7 Aeration in relation to soil and crop management
10:8 Soil temperature
10:9 Absorption and loss of solar energy
10:10 Specific heat of soils
10:11 Heat of vaporization
10:12 Movement of heat in soils
10:13 Soil temperature data
10:14 Soil temperature control
11. ORIGIN, NATURE, AND CLASSIFICATION OF PARENT MATERIALS
11:1 Classification and properties of rocks
11:2 Weathering
a general case
11:3 Mechanical forces of weathering
11:4 Chemical processes of weathering
11:5 Factors affecting weathering of minerals
11:6 Weathering in action
genesis of parent materials
11:7 Geological classification of parent materials
11:8 Residual parent material
11:9 Colluvial debris
11:10 Alluvial stream deposits
11:11 Marine sediments
11:12 The Pleistocene ice age
11:13 Glacial till and associated deposits
11:14 Glacial outwash and lacustrine sediments
11:15 Glacial-aeolian deposits
11:16 Agricultural significance of glaciation
12. SOIL FORMATION, CLASSIFICATION, AND SURVEY
12:1 Factors influencing soil formation
12:2 Weathering and soil profile development
12:3 The soil profile
12:4 Concept of individual soils
12:5 Soil classification in the United States
12:6 Soil classification
new comprehensive system
12:7 Soil orders
12:8 Soil suborders, great groups, and subgroups
12:9 Soil families, series, phases, associations, and catenas
12:10 Soil classification
1949 system
12:11 Soil survey and its utilization
12:12 Land capability classification
13. ORGANIC SOILS (HISTOSOLS): THEIR NATURE, PROPERTIES, AND UTILIZATION
13:1 Genesis of organic deposits
13:2 Area and distribution of peat accumulations
13:3 Peat parent materials
13:4 Uses of peat
13:5 Classification of organic soils
13:6 Physical characteristics of field peat soils
13:7 Colloidal nature of organic soils
13:8 Chemical composition of organic soils
13:9 Bog lime
its importance
13:10 Factors that determine the value of peat and muck soils
13:11 Preparation of peat for cropping
13:12 Management of peat soils
13:13 Organic versus mineral soils
14. SOIL REACTION: ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY
14:1 Source of hydrogen ions
14:2 Colloidal control of soil reaction
14:3 Major changes in soil pH
14:4 Minor fluctuations in soil pH
14:5 Hydrogen ion heterogeneity of the soil solution
14:6 Active versus exchange acidity
14:7 Buffering of soils
14:8 Buffer capacity of soils and related phases
14:9 Importance of buffering
14:10 Soil-reaction correlations
14:11 Relation of higher plants to soil reaction
14:12 Determination of soil pH
14:13 Soil acidity problems
14:14 Methods of intensifying soil acidity
14:15 Reaction of soils of arid regions
14:16 Reaction of saline and sodic soils
14:17 Growth of plants on halomorphic soils
14:18 Tolerance of higher plants to halomorphic soils
14:19 Management of saline and sodic soils
14:20 Conclusion
15. LIME AND ITS SOIL-PLANT RELATIONSHIPS
15:1 Liming materials
15:2 Chemical guarantee of liming materials
15:3 Fineness guarantee of limestone
15:4 Changes of lime added to the soil
15:5 Loss of lime from arable soils
15:6 Effects of lime on the soil
15:7 Crop response to liming
15:8 Overliming
15:9 Shall lime be applied?
15:10 Form of lime to apply
15:11 Amounts of lime to apply
15:12 Methods of applying lime
15:13 Lime and soil fertility management
16. NITROGEN AND SULFUR ECONOMY OF SOILS
16:1 Influence of nitrogen on plant development
16:2 Forms of soil nitrogen
16:3 The nitrogen cycle
16:4 Ammonia fixation
16:5 Nitrification
16:6 Soil conditions affecting nitrification
16:7 Fate of nitrate nitrogen
16:8 Gaseous losses of soil nitrogen
16:9 Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by legume bacteria
16:10 Amount of nitrogen fixed by legume bacteria
16:11 Fate of nitrogen fixed by legume bacteria
16:12 Do legumes always increase soil nitrogen?
16:13 Fixation by organisms in symbiosis with nonlegumes
16:14 Nonsymbiotic fixation of atmospheric nitrogen
16:15 Amount of nitrogen fixed by nonsymbiosis
16:16 Addition of nitrogen to soil in precipitation
16:17 Reactions of nitrogen fertilizers
16:18 Practical management of soil nitrogen
16:19 Importance of sulfur
16:20 Natural sources of sulfur
16:21 The sulfur cycle
16:22 Behavior of sulfur compounds in soils
16:23 Sulfur and soil fertility maintenance
17. SUPPLY AND AVAILABILITY OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM
17:1 Importance of phosphorus
17:2 Influence of phosphorus on plants
17:3 The phosphorus problem
17:4 Phosphorus compounds in soils
17:5 Factors that control the availability of inorganic soil phosphorus
17:6 pH and phosphate ions
17:7 Inorganic phosphorus availability in acid soils
17:8 Inorganic phosphorus availability at high pH values
17:9 pH for maximum inorganic phosphorus availability
17:10 Availability and surface area of phosphates
17:11 Phosphorus-fixing power of soils
17:12 Influence of soil organisms and organic matter on the availability of inorganic phosphorus
17:13 Availability of organic phosphorus
17:14 Practical control of phosphorus availability
17:15 Potassium
the third "fertilizer" element
17:16 Effects of potassium on plant growth
17:17 The potassium problem
17:18 Forms and availability of potassium in soils
17:19 Factors affecting potassium fixation in soils
17:20 Practical implications in respect to potassium
18. MICRONUTRIENT ELEMENTS
18:1 Deficiency versus toxicity
18:2 Role of the micronutrients
18:3 Source of micronutrients
18:4 General conditions conducive to micronutrient deficiency
18:5 Factors influencing the availability of the micronutrient cations
18:6 Chelates
18:7 Factors influencing the availability of the micronutrient anions
18:8 Need for nutrient balance
18:9 Soil management and micronutrient needs
19. FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT
19:1 The fertilizer elements
19:2 Three groups of fertilizer materials
19:3 Nitrogen carriers
two groups
19:4 Inorganic nitrogen carriers
19:5 Phosphatic fertilizer materials
19:6 Fertilizer materials carrying potassium
19:7 Sulfur in fertilizers
19:8 Micronutrients
19:9 Mixed fertilizers
19:10 Effect of mixed fertilizers on soil pH
19:11 The fertilizer guarantee
19:12 Fertilizer inspection and control
19:13 Fertilizer economy
19:14 Movement of fertilizer salts in the soil
19:15 Methods of applying solid fertilizers
19:16 Application of liquid fertilizers
19:17 Factors influencing the kind and amount of fertilizers to apply
19:18 Kind of crop to be fertilized
19:19 Chemical condition of the soil
total versus partial analyses
19:20 Tests for available soil nutrients
quick tests
19:21 Broader aspects of fertilizer practice
20. ANIMAL MANURES AND GREEN MANURES
20:1 Quality of manure produced
20:2 Chemical composition
20:3 Storage, treatment, and management of animal manures
20:4 Utilization of animal manures
20:5 Long-term effects of manures
20:6 Green manures
defined
20:7 Benefits of green manures
20:8 Plants suitable as green manures
20:9 Problems with green manures
20:10 Practical utilization of green manures
21. SOILS AND CHEMICAL POLLUTION
21:1 Chemical pesticides
background
21:2 Kinds of pesticides
21:3 Behavior of pesticides in soils
21:4 Effects of pesticides on soil organisms
21:5 Contamination with toxic inorganic compounds
21:6 Behavior of inorganic contaminants in soils
21:7 Prevention and elimination of inorganic chemical contamination
21:8 Organic wastes
21:9 Use of organic wastes for crop production
21:10 Soils as organic waste disposal sites
21:11 Soil salinity
21:12 Radionuclides in soils
21:13 Three conclusions
22. SOILS AND THE WORLD'S FOOD SUPPLY
22:1 Expansion of world population
22:2 Factors influencing world food supplies
22:3 The world's land resources
22:4 Potential of broad soil groups
22:5 Problems and opportunities in the tropics
22:6 Requisites for the future.
From the Book - Ninth edition
What is soil?
Evolution of modern concepts of soil
Approach : edaphological versus pedological
Field view of soil
Soil profile
Topsoil and subsoil
Mineral (inorganic) and organic soils
General definition of mineral soils
General definition of mineral soils
Four major components of soils
Mineral (inorganic) constituents in soils
Soil organic matter
Soil water : a dynamic solution
Soil air : a tremendous biological laboratory
Clay and humus : the seat of soil activity
Soils as a habitat for plants
Essential elements
Essential macronutrient content of soils
Forms of macronutrients in soils
Macronutrient cations
Macronutrient anions
Soil solution
Soil and plant relations.
From the Book - Rev. 14th ed.
The soils around us
Formation of soils from parent materials
Soil classification
Soil architecture and physical properties
Soil water: characteristics and behavior
Soil and the hydrologic cycle
Soil aeration and temperature
Soil colloids: seat of soil chemical and physical activity
Soil acidity
Soils of dry regions: alkalinity, salinity, and sodicity
Organisms and ecology of the soil
Soil organic matter
Nitrogen and sulfur economy of soils
Soil phosphorus and potassium
Calcium, magnesium and trace elements
Practical nutrient management
Soil erosion and its control
Soils and chemical pollution
Geographic soils information
Prospects for global soil quality as affected by human activities
Appendix A. World resource base: Canadian, and Australian soil classification systems
Appendix B. SI units, conversion factors, periodic table of the elements, and plant names
Glossary of soil science terms
Index.
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ISBN
9780029460306
9780132279383
013227938
9780023133404
9780135133873
9780023133503
9780132279383
013227938
9780023133404
9780135133873
9780023133503
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